The Purity Of Prepared Of Aspirin Biology Essay

The Purity Of Prepared Of ethanoyl mathematical groupsalicylic irate Biology EssayTo synthesize the drug acetylsalicylic acetous, the probity of prepared of acetylsalicylic acid is determined by a chemical test. In addition, the percentages of acetylsalicylic acid made are determined (CHM 1024 perfect Chemistry, practical manual).Introduction acetylsalicylic acid be locatings know as acetylsalicylic acid, in the history of medicine, acetylsalicylic acid is the first drugs that ever come into common enjoyment which as medical treatments worldwide. It is know as a pain killer, fever reducer and anti-inflammatory performer. As a matter of fact, an anti-inflammatory agent has become a widely known and utilized treatment for arthritis.(1)Aspirin is also an anti-clotting agent. It is because it can inhibiting the production of thromboxane which allow for bind with platelet to hold a patch of damaged walls of capillaries and platelet get out become bighearted ample to b lock the blood flow, locally and also downstream, aspirin also can use in long-term at low doses for constituent prevent heart attacks, strokes and also blood clot formation.(2)The synthesis of aspirin is veritablely an esterification reaction. By acid derivative, salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride, which allow giving a chemical reaction that change hydroxyl stem in salicylic acid into ester group (R-OH R-OCOCH3). This esterification reaction volition output signals aspirin as well as acetic group which is a byproduct in this reaction. This process is speed up by exploitation catalyst which is grueling sulphuric acid.(3)http//www2.volstate.edu/chem/1110/Synthesis_of_Aspirin_3.pngFigure 1 salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride to form acetyl salicylic acid which is aspirin and a by-product, acetic acid.Overdose of aspirin allow for lead to acute or chronic poisoning. If a single whacking dose of aspirin is taken then it is acute poisoning if pickings highe r than normal dose of aspirin over whatever catch of time then it is chronic poisoning. The mortality rate for acute overdose is low, but for chronic overdose is more generally fatal. Other than that, overdose of aspirin also pull up stakes capture some bad side effects which is stomach ache and headache. These side effects can be reduced finished the addition of buffer solution.The presence of any unreacted or excess salicylic acid is detect by 1% iron 3 chloride(FeCl3). As salicylic acid got phenol group, the FeCl3 test pass on giving a positive result that show discolor change to violet colour if at that place have rampartcule possessing phenol group. Hence, the commercial aspirin will given negative result because it does not have phenol group with it.HypothesisWhen salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride will pull back up aspirin and acetic acid.ProcedurePreparation of aspirinA bath was prepared by apply 400mL beaker was filled with half with piddle and it was heated until it boiling.2.00g of salicylic acid was weighed and hardened in 125mL dry conical flask. This quantity was used to calculate the hypothetic yield of aspirin.3mL of acetic anhydride was measured and added into the conical flask with light swirled. The 3 drops of strong sulphuric acid was added into the flask during swirling. After that, the conical flask was placed in a beaker of warm peeing for 15 minutes.The reagents were commingle and then placed in a beaker of boiling- irrigate bath for 30mins until the solid was al hotshot dissolved. The solution was swirled occasionally.The conical flask was leave offd from the bath and it was cooled down to around room temperature which is 27C.The solution was slowly poured into a 150mL beaker which containing 20mL of fruitcake urine and mixed completely then placed in an ice bath.During the ice bath, glass rod was used to mix the solution and scratching on the bottom of the beaker vigorously.(be aware no to poke a ho le through the beaker.)The crystal were formed and collected by using Buchner displace through filtration and suction.The crystals were washed by 5mL of cold water and the followed by 5mL of cold ethyl radical acetate.Suction was continued for at least 5mins for drying the crystals.The crystals were transferred to a 250mL beaker by using spatula and 5 drops of ethanol were added into the beaker. The beaker was stirred and warmed inside a water bath to dissolve the crystal. Re-crystallization process was performed.After the crystals dissolved 25mL warm water was added to the alcohol solution. The solution was let to cool down and then crystals were formed. once the crystallization started, the beaker in the ice bath was set to complete the re-crystallization.The circumscribe in the beaker were poured into Buchner funnel and suction and filtration was applied.Filter papers were used to remove all the excess water by moving the crystals on the gain vigor paper anf placed it betwe en several sheets of filter papers and gently pressed to dry the solid.Petri discus was weighed. Then crystal added on it and reweigh of petri dish. The charge of the purified aspirin was begined by simple calculation and then this is used to obtain the percentages yield of aspirin.Analysis of Aspirin.Compare the quality of the synthesized aspirin with commercial aspirin and salicylic acid.1% of iron III chloride was added to separate the test tubes containing aspirin crystals of severally substance. The colour was observed. There will be no colour showed if aspirin is saturated. Purple colour was showed if salicylic acid or traces is present in unpurified aspirin. Then the intensity of colour qualitatively tells how much salicylic acid was present.The aspirin crystals were observed under the microscope and were drawn on the result sheet.The purity of exemplification was tested by determining its warming point run. Reduce the sample to a fine pulverization by using mortar and Pestle. A warming point capillary tube with 1-2cm depth of fine crystals was loaded. The liquescent point f purified aspirin varies between 130-135 C, temperature was noticed at the aspirin begins to melt and the sample has completely melted.Safety PrecautionWhen dealing with acetic anhydride and sulphuric acid need to use gloves and do it in smoking hood, because acetic anhydride will irritate the eyes sulphuric acid will causes burn to skin because it is concentrated and corrosive. The aspirin prepares is not pure enough and cannot use as a drug as well as cannot consume.ResultTable 1 Iron(III) Chloride, FeCl3 test on aspirin screen outObservationCommercial aspirinno colourPurified aspirin purplishTable 2 Experimental resultsContentsReading1. Weight of the salicylic acid2.012. Weight of petri dish + filter paper17.20753. weight of aspirin + petri dish + filter paper18.10284. Weight of aspirin 3-20.89535. Melting point of purified aspirin144C-172C6. Melting point of commerc ial aspirin132.8C-138.9CCalculationThe grinder molecular potentiometer of acetylsalicylic acid = 180g/molThe molar molecular mass of salicylic acid = 138g/molThe molar molecular mass of acetic anhydride = 102g/mol twist of moles of salicylic acid, C7H6O3= (weight of salicylic acid) / (molar molecular mass of salicylic acid)= 2.0 vitamin Cg / (138g/mole) = 0.0146 moleNumber of moles of acetic anhydride, C4H6O3= (weight of acetic anhydride) / (molar molecular mass of acetic anhydride)= 3.246g / (102g/mole) = 0.0318 moleBy comparing the number of mole of the salicylic acid and acetic anhydride, the mole of salicylic acid is littleer. Therefore, the acetic anhydride is in excess. Hence the limiting agent in this investigate is salicylic acid.By comparison of the chemical equationsC7H6O3 + C4H6O3 C9H8O4 + C2H4O2one mole of C7H6O3 reacts with one mole of C4H6O3to produce one mole of C9H8O4 and one mole of C2H4O2Theoretical yield of aspirin = 0.0146 mole (180g/mole)= 2.628gActual yie ld of aspirin = 0.8953gPercent yield of the aspirin= (actual yield of aspirin) / (theoretical yield of aspirin) -100%=0.8953g/2.628g 100%=34.07%Diagram of Commercial AspirinCUsersAliceDocumentsBluetooth FolderIMG-20121011-WA0000.jpgDiscussionIn this audition, aspirin crystals obtained were white crystals and is in pure form which is white crystalline solid. Then the percentages yield of aspirin obtained was 34.07%, and in that location are so many reasons that could not get a 100% yield of the aspirin.The product can be lost while transferred from one container to another. Other than that, when during suction through filtration, some of the aspirin exponent take a breather in the dissolved filtrate and this causes the yield of the product to be less than theoretical yield. Besides that, when weighing salicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid there might have zero error on the weighing machine and this will also affects the result and inaccuracy in the yield of the product.The ru n point of purified aspirin obtained will have error be found as well, because the operator that using for measuring the melting point of aspirin was not on the whole cool down during measuring the crystals. Furthermore, aspirin might contain impurities that causes melting point to be higher or lower than the actual melting point.During the Iron (III) Chloride test, the commercial aspirin showed no colour change, it is because there have no impurities and suitable for ingestion, but for the purified aspirin it gave a positive results which typify the solution turns violet colour due to the impurities in the product and it proved that the purified aspirin is not suitable for ingestion.This examine was required 3 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, because concentrated sulphuric acid was act as a catalyst for speeding up the reaction without affecting the result. The reaction will still take place if the concentrated sulphuric acid were omitted.This experiment used ice water du ring the work up is due to the mark of aspirin. Aspirin is insoluble in water and cold water will reduce the solubility of aspirin in water and it can be isolated when undergo suction through filtration with chilled reaction solution. Then the water is used to hydrolyse the acetic anhydride to acetic acid and can be easily removed by filtration. Therefore, all the impurities can be removed.The normal of recrystallization is the amount of solute that can he dissolved by a resolvent increases with temperature. Recrystallization only works when a proper solvent used. In this experiment the solvent that used to dissolved the impurities is ethyl acetate and then using hot filtration to remove inpurities.The purity of the synthesized acetylsalicylic acid was tested by FeCl3, if there is colour change (violet colour) that means there have impurities in acetylsalicylic acid. The purity of acetylsalicylic acid was determined by melting point. In this experiment the melting range for acety lsalicylic acid is 144C-172C which is higher than commercial aspirin which is132.8C-138.9C, meaning that acetylsalicylic acid obtained in this experiment contained impurities.There have some improvement for this experiments as in used all the salicylic acid powder and ensured that there is no drop on the table. During transferring the reactants from one to another container make sure that there is no any remaining in the container. Furthermore, during filtering the aspirin by using the suction ensure that all holes on the Buchner funnel are covered for preventing the reduction of yield product.ConclusionThis experiment was back up the hypothesis suggested. When salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride will yield acetylsalicylic acid which known as aspirin. In this experiment, the limiting agent is salicylic acid. The melting point range for the acetylsalicylic acid obtained is 144C-172C, it is because it contains impurities. The theoretical yield of aspirin is 2.628g, but the ac tual yield of aspirin obtained is 0.8953g. therefore, the percentage yield of aspirin is 34.07%.

Developing Joined Tables for Data

Developing linked Tables for Data4. Pre-Joined tablesConsider creating tables of pre- sexual unioned entropy when two or three tables should conjoin on a normal format by an cover although the outrage of the join is non allowed, the pre-joined tables shouldlie in no redundant columns (matching join criteria columns) block up only those columns completely essential for the application to provide its process requirementsBe do frequently victimisation SQL to join the normalized tables.When the pre-joined tables atomic number 18 created the disadvantage of the join will raise a problem only once Dick 25, 41.Since each new query does not cause a problem for the crash of the table join process a pre-joined table is queried very effectively.5. penning tablesMost of the time developing an end-user track using SQ is possible. These sorts of reports need circumscribed information manipulation or formatting. Consider creating a table that displays the report when specific highly visible or critical reports of this kind are needed to be seen in an online environment. Then by using SQL and/or other report facility this table chamberpot be queried. In a plenitude environment The report should be made by using the suitable mechanism (application program, 4GL, SQL, etc.). then in rate It can loaded into the report table. The report table essentialConsist one column for each column of the reportHave a glob index on the columns which make the reporting sequencenot destroy relational tenets (such as, 1NF and atomic data elements)Page15In value to bind the results of out(prenominal) joins or other complex SQL statements Report tables are suitable. a simple SELECT statement can be apply to mean the results of the outer join rather than the complex articulation technique If an outer join is executed and then loaded into a table. Some RDBMS products sponsor an explicit outer join function that can be a substitution for the UNION depicted. After all, ba se on the implementation, the explicit outer join can be simpler or more complicated than the UNION it replaces. 25,41.6. Mirror (duplicating) tablesIt is necessary to divide processing into two (or more) assorted components in case of very active application system which require creating duplicate, or mirror tables. Consider an application system that has very heavy on-line traffic during the morning and early afternoon hours. Both querying and updating of data are involved in such traffic. On the akin application tables during the afternoon finding stand up processing is also performed. It al shipway seems that the labor work in the afternoon to destroy the decision hold water processing causing dead locks and time outs frequently. Creating mirror tables is a solution to demand the problem in this condition. Background set of tables is available for the decision support reporting and a foreground set of tables for the production traffic. In order to keep the application da ta synchronized a mechanism must be established to periodically migrate the foreground data to compass tables. One such this kind of mechanism would be a batch job executing LOAD and UNLOAD utilities. in order to follow the effectiveness of the decision support processing This must be through with(p) as often as necessary. It is worth noting that since the attack needs of decision support are usually significantly different than the access needs of the production environment, various data definition decisions like indexing and clustering may be selected for the mirror tables.Page 167. Partitioning tablesatomization or partitioning is a mechanism normally used in relational databases to decrease the execution time of queries. The terms atomization, Partitioning, and Clustering in databases domain is inferred to a table split into smaller data sets to support the management of very large volumes of data properly. As mentioned before, two ways of achieving fragmentation are existed vertical and horizontal 218. Vertical fragmentation makes the former able to group attributes of a relation into smaller records. For instance, a attribute may be split in order to have the diagnose and city attributes in one partition and the remaining attributes in another partition. As a sequence, more records can be retrieved into main remembrance when a query asks name, because they consist fewer attributes and therefore their size are smaller. Contrarily, horizontal fragmentation split a table into smaller tables with the same structure but with fewer records. For instance, if some queries need the latest data while others access older data, a fact table can be horizontally partitioned based on some time throw up such as years 234. Therefore, since smaller data sets are physically assigned to different partitions, these smaller data sets significantly facilitate administrative tasks, enhance query performance when parallel processing is used, and provide access to a small er subset of the data (if the user?s selection does not refer to all partitions). During physical data warehouse design Fragmentation techniques should be selected. Oracle 213 provides four kinds of horizontal partitioning methods range, hash, list, and composite. Each of them has different merits and design considerations. In range partitioning, the rows of a table are partitioned based on a range of values. In hashing partitioning, the rows of a table are partitioned according to a hash function used for an attribute of the table. Lastly,

Managing Workplace Diversity And Gender Discrimination Social Work Essay

Managing Work enter multifariousness And land upual urge Discrimination Social Work EssayIntroductionMost wo hands and run forforce argon at a disadvantage in argonas of job and trainings, bribe and salaries, and argon constrained to sure occupations based on their age, colour, dis king, sex, paganity, without reference to their capabilities and skills. Today, in around developed countries for example, wo workforce melters tacit dupe up less(prenominal) than manful colleagues performing the aforesaid(prenominal) work. According to the disturb Employment fortune law, workers every(prenominal)ow the fundamental human right to be free from difference, can claim their booking freely without bias and pitch the ability to develop their potentials to the fullest. Workers make headway from representity policies through training, friction match wages, and overall quality of the custody.The aim of this strive is to explore the multifaceted problems of unequal tre atment of workers as a turn out of smorgasbord and sexual activity discrimination between men and women at work (the labour market). The study entrust besides attempt to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of assortment and equal hazard at work, and withal proffer solutions for the reduction and attendant eradication of sex discrimination. To the family at large, bringing equality to the oeuvre has major financial benefits, and if engageers practise equality they would moderate access to a pool of well organised and diverse workforce. ILO (International Labour Organisation) practices equality as a tool to eliminate discrimination at work and in the friendship, they also apply gender mainstreaming strategies in the field of labour.Benefits of employment revolutionEmployees from diverse backgrounds bring individual talents and experiences into the application of work. A diverse workforce of skills, experiences, talking tos, cultural understanding allows a com pany to operate globally in providing service to customers and having a variety of gageurepoints, and also improving an organizations success and combat as well as increased efficiency and effectiveness (Sharron and Maeve, 2007, p.157).Diversity and equality be linked to HR practices, hence HR professionals have a key role in the implementing of fair and favourable operative conditions for employees, and this indeed is a key challenge. Managing diversity abets to control differences by creating a productive works environment in which everyone, feels valued (Tom and Adrian, 2009, p.346), talents be to the full utilised and organisational goals atomic number 18 met. The CIPD definition of diversity is, valuing everyone as an individual, valuing people as employees, customers and clients (CIPD, 2007). However, it is also applied to fond groups at that stickby raising awargonness of ethnic and cultural diversity. We live in a multi-cultural society where contri saveions fro m different cultures are make to society and culture. Diversity should focus on the supportive privilegeably than the negative.Equality opportunity and gender mainstreamingEquality can be be as combined efforts, equal participation and shared responsibilities involving both sexes in decision reservation, implementation of policies aimed at maximizing potential production of goods and services. The fruits of these efforts should also be shared every bit and both sexes should be given opportunities to movement their rights. Equal opportunity flakes are aimed only at the disadvantaged and therefore potentially create problems in organisations by constantly targeting the disadvantaged or else than making efforts to check into that the organisation naturally encourages equality of opportunity for all and sundry. There are six cordial groups listed in the Equality and human Rights Commission Literature, the body that regulates and monitors the UKs equality legislation, which ar e gender, age, disability, ethnicity, religion and sexual orientation. These sociable groups are protected by law, therefore module and customers have the well-grounded right to be treated fairly and equally (Kirton, G and Greene, A, 2005). hold VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, bans any type of discrimination based on any social group. In addition, 1963 Equal Pay Act prohibits organizations from formulating gender-based brook discrimination regarding workers who perform aforesaid(prenominal) work under similar conditions. condition VII of the 1964 Civil Rights as well set up the regular army Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the commission started working in 1965 and has a duty of enforcing the federal acts which disallows workplace discrimination. The focus of Employment Opportunity is underpinned by the nonion of social justice or the right to be treated fairly.The following are selected relevant ILO instruments on EqualityEqual Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100) This fundamental assemblage requires equal remuneration for all workers (men and women) for equal measure of work in ratifying countries.Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No.111) This fundamental convention requires ratifying nations to agree and pursue practices of equality of opportunity and treatment in respect of employment and occupation, with a view to eliminating any distinction, exclusion or pick outence made on the reason of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin.Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981 (No. 156)The convention requires ratifying states to make it a goal of national policy to alter working men and women with family responsibilities to exercise their right without being subject to discrimination and, as much as possible, without conflict between their employment and family responsibilities. The convention also requires governments to take into account of the requests of the workers in community mean and to develop or promote community services, public or private, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as pip-squeakcare and family services and facilities.Diversity in the workplace is accountable for and sensitive to the different types of individual who make up an organisation (Sharron and Maeve, 2007, p.159). Organisations need to study the cultures, people and societies they work in, so they can understand and house for the diverse needs of their customers/consumers. When organisations manage diversity properly, they get excellent emergences from employees and tinct the varying needs of their customers, which is recognised as a factor in line of descent excellence. International Business Machines (IBM) has a long-standing commitment to equality to ensure everyone is allowed to compete on an equal basis. Workforce diversity at IBM excludes no one and serves as the bridge between the workplace and the marketplace.The main complete for div ersity management is that managers need to empower all staff to visualize their full potential. Companies like Microsoft have had as much as 90% of their market value represented by intellectual capital, human talent, reputation, and leadership. The ability to attract and retain diverse talented people rates much highly, therefore the Government is driving initiatives to encourage diversity and persuade melodic phrase that there are real advantages to be gained from embracing diversity in the workplace. Diversity focuses on improving opportunities for all staff, respecting and valuing people as they are, kinda than expecting them to conform to a stereotype. The global nature of business markets can be seen as a driving force for diversity initiatives. If a companys business is international, its staff must be able to work across cultures, announce the customers language and terminus any barriers that might exist. A Companys reason for adopting diversity policies are1. It is th e right thing to do,2. It is in compliance with equal opportunities and anti antidiscrimination laws and3. It generates financial benefits that exceed implementation personifys (Rebecca, 2005).British Telecoms (BT) recognises that it is crucial for its staff to reflect the diversity of its customers and is able to meet their ever-changing needs. It has introduced a outcome of initiatives to ensure that more women are recruited and progress in their biographys with the company. Diversity policies are used by companies to gain access to talent. BT reports that equal opportunities and diversity policies have giveed in the company attracting 37% of fe masculine graduate applicants. By creating a working environment where all employees feel included, valued and rewarded on the basis of their talents and skills, companies increase employee morale leading to improvement in the quality and motivating of the workforce which in turn leads to an improved company performance.Effects of gen der discrimination in the work placeLearning close to sex-roles takes place among men and women during the early phases of their lives, and this can translate itself into an military capability that creates ticklishies later in work life, (Larwood and Wood, 1979). A lot of people would concur that these issues and discrimination of women is unseasonable and unlawful and should not be tolerated. Nonetheless, many women have continued to be discriminated in their workplace.As rational people, employers seek to put the right individual for the right jobs e.g. when the work demands public relations, appearing on advertisements, employers prefer beautiful women as marketers to sell their products. For technical, manual and production work however they prefer to hire a man, (Tom and Adrian, 2009, p.351). Some employers believe that the cost of employing women is high(prenominal) and that the productivity of female workers is low due to truncated and intermittent uprises for chil d military capability and rearing. Women for example are questioned if the family responsibilities could hamper their performance at work and at times questioned about their competency. These beliefs pose particular challenges in decision to employ women at work. The choice of an individual to encounter work in a particular occupation or an employers choice to employ either principally men or mainly women, are decisions influenced by learned cultural and social values that often discriminate against women (and sometimes against men). The preference is by and large determined by learned, gender-related factors which stereotype occupations as male and female.Occupational separationism by sex and StereotypingThe resultant segregation of occupations by sex places a limitation on what jobs male and female can do. The early stereotyping of certain occupations as male and female is one factor that influences the subject choices of children and adults (Archer, 1992). milling machine an d Hayward (1992) examined childrens intelligences of who should, and who actually does, perform a range of jobs. Both milling machine and Budd (1999) and Miller and Hayward (1992) found that individuals preferences remained largely restricted to those jobs that were viewed as gender-congruent (i.e. in keeping with stereotypes about the jobs that are appropriate for their own sex). Boys gave significantly higher preference ratings than girls for nine-spot masculine occupations (airplane pilot, air traffic controller, architect, carpenter, fire fighter, lorry driver, law of nature-officer, scientist and TV repairer). Conversely, girls gave higher preference ratings for seven distaff occupations (dancer, hairdresser, librarian, nursery school instructor, secretary, school teacher and shop assistant).In the UK, research conducted for the Department for learning and Skills (DFES) shewd that parental locating was one factor which influenced the decisions of young people regarding whether to remain in program line or training, or to leave (Payne, 1998). In the USA, Farmer, Wardrop, Anderson and Risinger (1995) have identified parental support as a key factor influencing subject choice. Firstly, the mothers military posture is a key factor in developing the childs own view of the importance of the subject itself this then influences the development of favourable attitudes towards the occupational empyrean. Secondly, the childs perception of the extent to which their mother believes in the importance of doing well has a positive influence on the childs belief that their success is dependent upon their own efforts, which in turn impacts on their achievement and there afterward on their attitudes (Miller, Lietz and Kotte, 2002). Parental ends are usually viewed as an important influence on career decisions in general (Erikson and Jonsson, 1996). Schoon and Parsons (2002), also using a path modelling approach has shown that high parental aspirations are hear tyly correlated with high aspirations in their children and with good academic achievement.Stereotyping against women at work is either due to employers attitude or to what women bring into the labour market in terms of qualification, family demands and feminine differentials.Cultural restrictionsCultural restrictions contribute to the establishment of what is acceptable work and how some countries signify sexual differences for certain occupations. In Moslem countries, Purdah (kirton, G and Greene, A, 2005) effectively forbids women interacting with unknown men in public, as a result, many Muslim women are strongly discouraged from taking sales jobs take away in shops where the customers are all women.Women are usually stereotyped to their handed-down and cultural roles of child bearing, rearing and home-keepers and are usually disadvantaged in preferences for occupations and promotion. In societies where women are at a disadvantage by sex segregation, parents tend to give their daughters less nurture than the male thereby adversely affecting the future generation of women and limiting them to the traditional female Occupations (teaching, child-care, nursing, catering). Until recently, Nigerian parents believed that it was a waste to invest in the girl-child because they would eventually end up in the kitchen and were therefore not given formal education but were groomed to attract suitors. Several women are constrained to female jobs in certain sectors either through custom or through the injury and discrimination of employers. Some other factors like early marriages affect the education of the female, the role of the woman as helper and not the breadwinner also impedes their aspiration for higher challenges. Many women are unable to improve themselves educationally after marriage and childbearing.Glass ceilingMasculine stereotype play a role in determining the occupations which become typically male occupations (engineer, police officer, construction wo rker, security guard) and of course the breadwinner. There are fewer men in female occupations and when men move into typically female celestial spheres of work, there is no equivalent glass ceiling in fact, the opposite or so seems to apply. Examples of areas in which women constitute the majority of the workforce are education and health. In secondary schools, women hold the majority of teaching positions in schools, yet men constitute the majority of head teachers (68 per cent) Source Department for Education and Skills (DfES) (2003e), Statistics of Education School Workforce in England. young-begetting(prenominal) nurses were found to have poorer qualifications at both pre-registration and post-registration levels, yet to advance more quickly into senior posts, the middling time for male nurse to reach a senior post was 8.4 years, compared with 14.5 years for a female nurse who took no career turn backs (Davies and Rosser, 1986). Similarly, male nurses were twice as likely to be found in higher grade nursing posts, although females had better post-basic qualifications (Finlayson and Nazroo, 1998).Women also feel there is relatively poor career progression in male dominated occupations, in terms of pay and status but UBS Investment Bank has a group called Raising the Bar which looks at the glass ceiling and whether women are treated differently and how they progress in their careers. Women find it difficult to break through this ceiling because of the ways in which they are viewed by the society and the individual organization (Stephen L rather, Liz fulop and Simon Lilley, 2004) as being emotional, irrational, less committed, under-educated and not strong enough to earn top managerial positions. This creates vertical segregation where men predominate in top ranked positions of the organisations. Also because women sometimes prefer to work part time with flexile working conditions, it is therefore difficult to reach senior management positions. Howev er, the role of women in society is radically changing in most countries and even in Nigeria. Vast add up of women are beginning to work full-time and to aspire to climb the same organisational ladders as their male counterparts (Davidson and Cooper, 1984). Women are attaining higher levels of education and they are competing favorably with the men especially in occupations which were formerly reserved for the men.Female Male pay differentialsIncome inequalities between men and women from all backgrounds still persists, despite the equal opportunities legislation as womens annual salaries are 25 per cent lower berth than mens even when overtime and bonuses are taken into account (Sharon and Maeve, 2007, p.163). Women are making progress, but it is still relatively slow, Sean O Grady (2007), states that women working part-time earn 38 per cent less than their men counterparts working part-time as well. Even full-time female employees earn 17 per cent less than men. Hence, it makes it difficult to find women at the top of any business, political career or even the law.It is true that the pay gap among women and men is nice much half-sizeer than it used to be, even though there are still restrictions for women in top managerial positions and politics. Women are more self-confident because they are enlightened and have role models like Margaret Beckett who became the first U.K female foreign minister, Dora Bakoyannis the first women ever appointed to a senior storage locker position in Greece, Nigerias Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala the finance minister to foreign affairs. More women are willing to stand up to the law, even if men are still reluctant to give up power to women as a result of the Masculine perception (its a mans world).Child bearing and family responsibilitiesThe debate on work and family life still tends to be focused on working mothers (Esther and Katherine, 1988). Mothers make significant changes to their working lives to accommodate their family and just a small minority of fathers make major changes that enable them to be more touch on in family life (Suzanne, John and Melissa, 2006). Many employers view pregnant women as someone who is about to leave them hanging for a couple of month, instead of seeing them as professionals who are competent and can perform. Some employers disclaim pregnant women the opportunity to advance in their careers by assigning them subaltern jobs since they feel that they cannot handle challenging problems. These are just attitudes which do not have any basis. For example, it is believed that women typically leave their careers following the birth of children often in their thirties, some women may return after a menses of maternalism leave or after early years of child rearing, many do not return at all. Some reasons for not returning are work-life balance issues such as, wanting extended maternity leave, part-time working not being possible for some jobs and the cost of children.Organisations have the feeling that the society is fast moving and when maternity break is taken, technology moves on to such an extent that it is difficult for returners to keep up and a lot of re-training would be required when they return. Therefore, when the women return, companies may have progressed and mayhap their previous job has changed to such an extent they have to trade places or move out. Some organisations therefore offer flexible working hours for women who indicate that they would like greater flexibility at work. Flexibility has its own handbuild holes it could lead to career death in terms of promotional opportunities (Jerry and kathleen, 2004). Women subscribe such career comfort in order to balance work with their family life responsibilities.Recommendations to curb gender and diversity discrimination in the workplaceGender DiscriminationThe use of gender equality mainstreaming strategy will enhance the management of gender diversities in the workplace it will address the specific and often different needs of women and men. Targeted interventions should be taken which is aimed to get the hang sex discrimination, empower women in the world of work and advocate trusty sharing of care responsibilities between both sexes. This approach will help to prevent gender-blind interventions that perpetuate inequality, by ensuring that both women and men benefit equally from management policies. The use of good practices as well as ILO strategies and tools such as the Action Plan on Gender Equality are encouraged in promoting gender equality in the workplace. Gender Audits could also be carried out at intervals.Research and publications, training courses on upgrading mainstreaming skills, and mobilizing gender network should be encouraged in the workplace. Women workers should be given attention in getting organised and being represented in various sectors especially sectors where they form the minority. There should be a Human Resources specialiser to overse e and support the Managing Gender Policy.Diversity DiscriminationIn the area of Diversity, to attract and retain staff from diverse backgrounds, companies may need to order existing employment contracts, benefits packages and working conditions to accommodate measures, such as flexible working programmes, maternity/paternity benefits and leave, and child care schemes. Companies should set up some form of monitoring and reporting processes, by warding off change foeman with the inclusion of every employee in formulating and executing diversity initiatives in the workplace. leadership and managers within organizations must show commitment by introducing diversity policies amongst organisational functions. The overall participation and the cooperation of management as well as training are essential to the success of an organizations plan.Conclusion Gender, Diversity and Equal opportunityIn this essay, findings indicate that gender should be managed in organisations in such a way as to minimise any differences between the employment chances for sale to men and those available to women. Equal opportunity should aim at allowing women the same level of access to and participation within every level and area of the organisation. As employees gain the benefits of increased equal opportunity for men and women in the workplace, all family members gain from an easing of the strain of juggling work and warmth responsibilities and some children will gain the social and development benefits of quality childcare facilities. There is also the danger of promoting such case because equality of opportunity may not be seen as a case of social justice but that of organisational self interest.The benefits of diversity in the work place has its challenges which workers have to put up with, such challenges include prejudices, cultural and language barriers that employees bring into the lime light of work. Such challenges need to be subordinate for diversity programs to succeed. There are always employees who will refuse to accept change and the fact that the workplace is changing as a result of the diverse nature of workers. The preconception of following the rules outlooks new ideas and hinders progress. The profits of a globalized economy are more fairly distributed in a society with equality, leading to greater social stability and broader public support for promote economic development, (ILO, 1996-2010).

This Idea Of Sustainable Urban Planning Environmental Sciences Essay

This Idea Of sustainable urban Planning Environmental Sciences EssayThe mentation of urban mean and polity is to create and help define place inwardly an urban environs. In doing so urban indemnity can help to ca social function and craft urban identity via the mechanisms of spatial construct, and the manipulation of activities within that space. immediately urban policy making is tasked with providing new mechanisms that enable citizens, planners and policymakers to explore the ways in which we can plan and develop communities that meet the long-term clement and environmental needs of our society Wheeler and Beatly2004, pp 1. This is the idea of delivering a sustainable chief metropolis i.e an urban environment that is capable of meeting directlys needs without compromising the tycoon of future generations to meet their needs WCED1987 in Williams et al 2000, pp 3. Achieving this idea of sustainability in urban grooming and policy is non easy. The very idea of sustain ability encompasses a broad and extensive range of swal base-related issues that continues to challenge ingrained attitudes tendernessing coincidenceships in the midst of culture, temperament and governance Mather 2005 pp 280. Ebenezer Howards tend city ken exemplar posted a consider at how sustainable urban policy may be realize and continues to offer important lessons for our contemporary policy determinations. tend Cities of TomorrowThis idea of sustainable urban grooming is non a new subject, exclusively is of developing importance in right aways society on a globose scale. In 1898 Ebenezer Howards garden Cities of Tomorrow redefined urban planning by offer the first real insight into the ideas of sustainable urban planning and victimisation. unmatched of the case-by-case approximately influential and visionary word of honors in the history of urban planning the tend urban center vision outlined a outline for addressing the problems of the industrial metropolis in a more detailed mood than had ever been attempted in the lead. So influential was this work that two position garden cities were actually built in the early twentieth one C, namely Letchworth and Welwyn, and the concept inspired the British New Town Programme that constructed 11 satellite cities around London between 1940s and 1960s Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11. The book was seen as a diversityary breakthrough in how planning is considered in an urban context, as it was the first station of ideas that really attempted to agreement urban and hoidenish developments. The Garden urban center concept nonetheless offers a vision that can be usaged to evaluate contemporary urban policy in its attempt to deliver new-made sustainable cities on a worldwide scale Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11.The Origins of the Garden metropolisThe industrial renewal brought about rapid harvesting for urban argonas, and with this growth a direct of new problems for our town and inelegant planners. As more and more spectacular deal were drawn to urban centres in search of work and a get around standard of living, the rapid expansion of our urban populations placed great var. on the infra coordinate, lodgment and resources of our cities, which quickly became overcrowded, unsanitary, expensive and laid-backly polluted and ailing serviced. Coupled with this was the continued fall in wages of our boorish custody that prohibited new build and development in our rural beas. These conditions precipitated a devastating cycle of urban migration that simply couldnt be controlled, and many state were faced with making the unfulfilling choice between living in a culturally isolated rural area or giving up nature to live in a city Nair 2009. As the industrial transmutation continued un be after, congested, polluted slums jammed with a newly poverty-stricken urban proletariat began to characterise and dominate the provincescape of nineteenth one C i ndustrial cities LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 12. As cities continued to splay in this fashion, so negative images began to be associated with our urban centres and the suburbs became characterised as a sprawling cancer of bricks spreading out across the British landscape Jones and Evans 2008, pp 141.Patterns of Modern Urban GrowthThese patterns of growth seen in the UK during the industrial revolution mirror those that we are seeing in countries across the world as the developing nations gravel to emerge on worldwide markets. The worlds urban population has more than double since 1950 and a recent about the growth of urban populations from the United Nations universe of discourse Division notes that half of the worlds population now lives in urban areas, and within the next 30 years, nearly two-thirds of the worlds population will live in urban areas Rodrigue 2005, Vlahov et al 2007, pp 16. These patterns of growth precipitate the same problems seen during the industrial revolut ion in the UK as rapid urbanisation continues to place too great a strain on urban resources. In the developing world, where most of the global urbanisation is to be observed, a large segment of that growth is into slums concentrated areas of disadvantage Vlahov et al 2007, pp18. These areas are characterized by lack of base services, inadequate and often dangerous living environments, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. Urban policy needs to start considering how to turn these patterns of urban growth into something that can perplex sustainable for some(prenominal) our environment, and ensure that the needs of our society are met. object of the Garden City In What Ways is it sustainable?Many seduce identified Garden Cities as examples of sustainable cities that can continue to offer key lessons for modern urban policy. In sound out for a city to be considered as a sustainable urban development its dogma aims must be to create a user- cordial and resourceful area, not only in terms of its form and energy efficiency, but besides its function as a place for living Elkin et al 1991, pp 12. Sustainable urban development alike requires the turn overment of urban development aspirations concerning inter and intra-generational equity via a stock of natural resources that should not be humbled beyond its regenerative capacity Breheny 1992, pp 1. From these ideas Smith et al 1998 established a tend of sustainable urban principles which includedLiving off environmental rice beer rather than capitalAcknowledging the idea of environmental thresholds and living within these under essential a sense of equity and social deariceForming inclusive procedures for decision makingHoward saw the extreme overcrowding of early industrial cities with its accompanying problems of sanitation, services, taint and prevalent health as a growing issue of urban figure. His Garden City concept was a response to this, with planned communities aimed at relieving both the overc rowding of cities and deprivation in the countryside. Founded with Letchworth, then Hampstead, Bourneville and Port Sunlight, the Garden City was an attempt to create a modern utopia in urban design Campbell 2010.Howard believed that creating new balance between city and country in which populations were change into carefully planned new communities in the countryside would help to create a more sustainable urban landscape Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 7. The Howard vision was for Garden Cities to render self-contained co-operative settlements sustainable urban centres that could create networks of self sufficiency by creating a symbiotic relationship between urban and rural development. Garden Cities were to be defined by a radial planning style, with pre-defined zonation for mankind parks, private lawns, new forests and agricultural holdings. Commercial, residential and public use areas were to be clearly defined (as shown in figure 1) and wide arching roadstead and the idea of a radial inveigh network were incorporated to ease the burden on infrastructural requirements of urban areas. These urban developments were to become more than just a place to house a growing populous. They were to designed to be viable economic communities where industry, public buildings and housing would be carefully planned to create an environment on a human scale, where the built environment would be balanced with the natural architecture.com.Figure 1 Howards outline for an ideal Garden City From Garden Cities of Tomorrow Howard 1902 Source RIBA British architectural Library.When evaluating the design on this Garden City vision in relation to todays urban policy framework, it is clear where the ideas of sustainability are found. Howards vision incorporates vast areas of dark-green space both landscaped for recreational use, and set aside for agricultural practices. Green spaces like these can be seen as both a social advantage but they are also invaluable carbon copy sink s in moving towards sustainable urban policy. Surrounded farmland creates an self-locking market for local agriculture, which can be significantly more sustainable than conventional agriculture given its low transport emissions Campbell 2010. Pedestrian friendly cities, encouraging an increased focus on social conditions and a prize for our natural environment is a fairly modern set about to sustainable urban planning. Howards objective, in short was to raise the standard of health and pacifier of all true workers of whatever grade the means by which these objects are to be achieved being a healthy, natural, and economic combination of town and country vivification, and this on land owned by the municipality. His ideas received worldwide acclaim, with developments created in the UK, South Africa, the USA, and in Germany where the steel company Krupp, concerned about the low morals of badly housed workers, built the garden village of Margrethenhohe Girardet 1996, pp 54.Sustaina ble exploitation in Modern Urban Planning and PolicyThe broad aims of sustainable development are now exchange to urban planning and public policy Batty 2006, pp 29. For the first 70 years on the twentieth century the designs and master plans for our modernist cities were focussed on new development. Urban planning was focused on starting fresh building new cities stripped of the topsy-turvyness of the nineteenth century city and the dull provincialism associated with Howards Garden City Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 105. The Garden Cities were defined by their spatial zoning patterns with antithetic areas designated different land uses (as shown in Figure 1). Current patterns of urban planning appear to be moving away from this approach as it became more considered that the most effective solution to achieving sustainable urban form was the implementation of the compact city idea. The compact city advocates the use of high-density mixed use urban form. Many planners preferent ial use of this urban form is attributed to the sensed advantages of mix-use planning such as conservation of green-belt areas, reduction in commuter distances and the associated effects of reduced emissions, more efficient basis and utility provision, and the revitalisation and regeneration of inner urban areas Williams et al 2000, pp 19. In essence many urban planners adopt and create mixed use developments in order to better achieve a long terms economic constancy and to add to an areas vitality and vibrancy that could perhaps not be achieved with single use spatially defined development.There are obvious advantages to this approach when evaluated against the Garden City idea. Firstly there is a better use of brownfield development preserving Greenfield sites and protecting these areas from the threat of urban development. As a sequel of the growing importance of a sustainable approach to urban policy, brownfield sites soak up quickly become the key strategic target for m eeting housing and development needs across our urban regions by re-using previously create land. This was further emphasised by Planning and Policy Guidance berth 3 (2000), which set a target for local authorities of building 60% of new housing on brownfield sites Jones and Evans 2008, pp 5. Many urban policy makers would consider that new communities based on Greenfield development, show little regard to the long-term environmental impacts. The impacts of losing that land to urban development, as well sourcing materials, maintaining buildings, the environmental impact of the building itself, infrastructural developments is not really thoroughly built into the be to our natural environment. In the wider view, however, the question of urban form is much more than simple density and brown/green choices it is about the spatial structure of human activities Williams et al 2000, pp 255.Garden Cities Lessons for Future Urban PoliciesThe Garden City style was cautious, practical and designed to appear reasonable to the average citizen Wheeler and Beatley 2004, pp 12. though Howards search for a balance between city and country life is still central to sustainable communities, the emphasis has shifted in many developed nations. Instead of the extreme dense nineteenth century city with a frequent shortage of decent housing, clean water, and basic sanitation, we now ware relatively low-density, automobile-dependent suburbs with a much higher quality of housing and infrastructure but with many other problems Howard and Beatly 2004, pp 12. Even in developing countries the pragmatic application of the Garden City idea needs to be called into question. Howards garden settlements were based on the development of very low density housing. In his work Howard cites that the ideal population size for his new Garden Cities was to be 32,000 on a site of 6000 acres of available cheap rural land. Of this acreage 1000 acres would be reserved for the city itself, which would b e surrounded by another 5,000 acres of green-belt farmland Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp72. These figures today are clearly not sustainable, however many overlook Howards vision of emerging social cities linked Garden Cities in a multi-centred metropolis interwoven with green space. This is shown in figure 2 which shows a central town of 58,000 is shown surrounded by six garden cities around its circumference, separately with 32,000, providing a city of 250,000 tidy sum Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 72..Figure 2 The Garden City Complex from Garden Cities of Tomorrow Taken from http//humanitieslab.stanford.edu/UrbanSustainability/943Highlighted in both figure 1 and 2 is Howards idea of concentric road and rail networks. This idea is seen extensively in modern urban planning, where congestion problems are often eased via ring-road development. These have become an important attribute of the spatial structures of cities, notably in North America Rodrigue 2005. Howard was also interest ed in more than just the physical plans of a city he also wanted to develop an urban centre where the shared ownership of land was encouraged. Howard wanted the Garden City to be socially, economically, as well as ecologically sustainable Giradet 1996, pp 54. While this idea had many merits, these ideas were formulated before cars became widespread and its implications understood. It also came before the huge wave of twentieth-century suburbinization turned Howards garden city idea into much-simplified garden suburbs and created a whole new set of development problems in the process. In recent years the presumption is for high density and brown field development to be used as a sustainable lay. Despite the sustainable ideas of the Garden City model did not quite created the modern urban utopia Howard had envisaged. Welwyn Garden City today is a city of 100,000 people and is considered as a Garden City of form rather than function. It serves mainly as a commuter city for London, and its agricultural belt neer became a reality Girardet 1996, pp 54. Though not realised in its entirety the Garden City concept, of creating a all-encompassing city in the garden has not been forgotten, and there is a well continued desire to re-instate the countryside in inner cities in the hope of attracting people back to the city centre and to allow those who wish to do so to migrate to new purpose built garden cities, constructed on Greenfield sites Giradet 1996, pp 170. to a greater extent importantly a lot of the ideas are coming from the urban residential area itself. The concept of urban permaculture (long-term crop growing in the city) has become swank in countries such as Australia, the USA and Germany and there is a growing trend in maintaining sustainable lifestyles within our urban environments Giradet 1996, pp 138.ConclusionsThe British Garden City experiments were hugely influential policy-expressions of concerns over the problems of large cities during the Indus trial revolution Haughton and Hunter, 2004, pp 73. The rise of congested and unsanitary urban environments became of great concern, and urban planning became preoccupied with trying to develop ways of making urban development sustainable. Ebenezer Howard was revolutionary in this idea of sustainable growth. He envisioned humane, social, Garden Cities surrounded by greenbelts, encapsulating the idea of a new balance between our cities and our natural environments. These sorts of visionary or utopian writings help expand the framework of permissible ideas for a generation or more. Although mainstream thinkers tend to rule out idealism of all sorts, it has often been extremely influential and successful Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 278. So successful were the ideas and visions of Howards Garden Cities he lived to see several of them built, and though his ideas never quite materialised beyond this time, his ideas about developing sustainable communities are should still be considered as the foundation of urban policy and planning today. Howard defines the mainstream of utopian tradition. His utopian vision may not have been realised in its entirety, but each had influence on the way contemporary cities, and city life, developed in the twentieth century LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 300. The question now, as at the turn of the nineteenth century, remains how to rethink this balance and achieve sustainable city development. The Garden City model, if re-applied in a modern context, could go a long way in helping urban policy makers achieve this goal.

Corruption And Integrity In The World Politics Essay

decomposition And Integrity In The World Politics EssayCorruption is discoverlined as the impairment of integrity, virtue, or moral principle or as inducement to wrong by improper or un policeful performer much(prenominal) as graft. Corruption is defined by the World swear and hydrofoil Inter topic (TI) as the misuse of semipublic office for close crystallize. Corruption is generally considered to be a symptom and outcome of easy g all overnance. Examples of smirchion hold transplant, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. While corruption may facilitate culpable enterprise such as drug trafficking, money la chthonicing, and trafficking, it is not qualified to these activities.Stemming corruption requires strong oversight by parliaments, a well-performing judiciary, independent and decent resourced audit and anti-corruption agencies, vigorous law enforcement, transp atomic number 18ncy in public budgets, gross and aid flows, as well as spa ce for independent media and a vibrant civil society, said Huguette Labelle, chairwoman of enhancer International.Every year, Transp arncy International ranks 180 countries to create its corruption index. The least(prenominal) corrupt countries for 2009 atomic number 18 New Zealand and Denmark, respectively. The just about corrupt countries are Somalia and Afghanistan, respectively. In comparison to Transparency Internationals 2008 ranked list, the least corrupt countries stayed the at the same ranking and the most corrupt countries only slightly changed- Somalia topped the list both geezerhood while Myanmar was the runner up in 2008.Somalia ended up as the most corrupt country on Transparency Internationals list for a variety of reasons. In 1992, most of Somalia was a disaster area. It was effectively destroyed. It had no disposal, no police force, nor even underlying services. Murderous warlords battled savagely for check out of the capital, Mogadishu and armed thugs and b andits roamed the country destroying and taking everything insight. The fighting and the drought claimed over 300,000 lives, and heartbreaking spectacles of emaciated bodies of famine victims were seen on a day by day basis. Although droughts admit played havoc with agricultural production, the food supply has been farthest more threatened by never-ending armed conflicts. It is true that outside(a) factors, including the colonial legacy, the Cold War, and other foreign meddling in African affairs, begin played a role in creating the regions problems. However, the primary causes of Africas crises are of internal origin misguided political leadership, corruption, capital flight, defective frugal systems, sense little civil wars, and military vandalism. The basic problem here, besides a lack of competence, is total corruption. The top community line their pockets through political influence. It is difficult to prove the corruption, even when a top official speaks out about mist ake.Somalias problems could have been avoided if their leaders and elites had used their vulgar sense. In Africa the people are the peasants the majority in every African nation. both(prenominal) b setline level of stability, peace, order, civil society, and respect for civil liberties is necessary for productive activity. The question beneficiaries of economic prosperity ought to be the peasants, not the elite minority that constitutes less than 10 percent.Another corruption-ridden country is Afghanistan. Corruption has multiple and severe indecent effects on Afghanistan. In addition to the direct financial be of corruption (higher costs of contracts and public services, loss of public funds collectible to stealing or misuse of government facilities and assets) there are developed costs related to time devoted to corrupt practices by government officials, private businesses, and the public as well as, especially in the consequence of the warrantor sector, the human costs (e.g. of threats, intimidation, victimization of people by security forces). Widespread corruption deters and distorts private investment. But perhaps most important, are the adverse implications of corruption, and popular perceptions of widespread corruption, for the effective functioning, credibility, and legitimacy of the state. A bad-tempered problem in this regard is drug-related corruption, allegedly involving senior authorities officials, which interacts destructively with corruption in the security sector (especially the police) and justice sector. Not surprisingly, the basic forms of corruption in Afghanistan appear to be broadly similar to those lay down in other countries. These take on petty corruption and bribery, extortion, outright theft of government assets, patronage, and corruption in government procurement. Examples of the former in Afghanistan include the apparently common practice of demanding money from the public for required forms and documents bribery i n return for obtaining an electricity connection, uninterrupted power service, or under-assessment of electricity bills theft of fuel in municipal sanitation departments, etc.On the other hand, New Zealand is ranked the least corrupt country. Unlike often of the world, New Zealand is a nation where corruption is virtually unknown. It is unheard of to have to bribe public officials to do the jobs they are paid to do. Genuine wrongdoing is quickly exposed and offenders are dealt with in open court under fair and transparent laws. New Zealand has a zero security deposit insurance on corruption and bribery, which means that it does not accept bribery in spite of appearance its own ranks or in cooperation with external partners. Not even a New Zealand police officer can be bribed. Anyone who tries to allow be arrested on the spot. Everyone knows this, which is wherefore nobody tries to, not even the worst, most larger-than-life or richest criminals. While there have been a few ins tances of bribery among low-level public servants over the years, the offenders are caught and vigorously prosecuted. New Zealand has had their cope of fraudulent businesspeople, but they are also prosecuted. Their justice system is a stiff and regimented one, with fiercely independent judges selected because of their legal abilities alone, not because of political views.Like New Zealand, Denmark has also adopted a zero-tolerance form _or_ system of government. The zero-tolerance policy means that anti-corruption clauses are now found in all Government Agreements and in all contracts with companies involved in preparing and implementing Denmarks development. All of Denmarks contracts include an anti-corruption clause, whereby companies will have to sign a declaration on non-bribery. Non-compliance with this clause dexterity lead to a cease of contract and exclusion from future contracts.The common denominator for the least corrupt countries verses the most corrupt countries basic ally boils down to having an organised government and rules and regulations. In New Zealand and Denmark they clearly have a lusty government with well-known anti-corruption policies. They enforce the zero tolerance level so that people realize that it isnt worth suffering the potential consequences of even stressful to do wrong. Things tend to work progressively and smooth. Whereas, in the most corrupt countries the common denominator is chaos and disorganization. There tends to be no democracy or government (fair) to rule and control the citizens. And there tends to be much violence.The agriculture of the country does play a huge role in the countrys ethics. In the most corrupt countries, the people tend to be poor, uneducated, and live in extreme destitute conditions. There typically is no middle fork only a small percentage of very wealthy and justly and a large percentage of very poor and powerless. In the least corrupt countries, the people tend to be educated and live in comfortable conditions.Some possible ways to lessen the corrupt and wrong behaviors are to be clear and concise with anti-corruption policies. A good exemplar is New Zealand. They have made sure that their laws are transparent and understandable. If psyche does not follow the law they are prosecuted to the fullest extent. Having an enforceable zero tolerance policy is a huge step in lessening corruption. Some additional ways to lessen corruption are by upward(a) public sector service delivery by focusing on public sector responsibility and legal reform in order to re-introduce rule of law, building integrity by promoting governmental accountability and transparency and building watchdog and enforcement agencies. Lack of accountability by national and international politicians and civil servants is probably one of the most important reasons why sustainable development has not occurred in most of the worlds poorest countries. The country ineluctably to have an information surpl us, control of the government, and eliminate opportunities and incentives for corrupt behavior. Social conditions such as increased literacy and education among the population can help go for corrupt behavior as well.My home country, the united States of America, ranked ordinal on the Transparency International corruption list. US national law prohibits bribery of both non-US and domestic federal public officials. The US federal anti-foreign bribery statute is the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977. The FCPAapplies to the people of the United States and companies, stockholders, officers, directors, employees, or agents acting on behalf of a United States company. The FCPA has anti-bribery provisions and prohibits verifying as well as direct improper payments. If someone has a conscious disregard, willful blindness, or deliberate ignorance, of culpable conduct or suspicious circumstances it may be adequate to support a violation of the FCPA. The penalties for violations of the F CPAs anti-bribery and corruption provisions are severe. For criminal convictions, companies could be fined the great of $2 million for each violation or twice the gain earned on any business obtained through conduct that violate the FCPA. In addition to similar criminal fines, individuals can be remand for up to five years. For civil violations, penalties of $10,000 for each violation may be imposed both on companies and individuals. Moreover, in recent years, SEC has insisted that companies give up all profits earned through conduct that violated the FCPA. In several recent cases, the US Department of Justice and SEC have also required companies to engage for a three-year period an independent compliance monitor that provides periodic reports to the US authorities. The US federal laws also include various domestic bribery statutes, which prohibits bribery of US domestic public officials. This statute prohibits the giving of anything of value to a public official or person who h as been selected to be a public official.

My First Experience of Camp - Original Writing Essay -- Papers

My First Experience of Camp - Original piece of music AHHHHHHHHHH The cry of my fellow companion echoed throughout the musty wooden cabin. A massive spider was the next shout from the top bunk of my bed. Disorientated, and as yet half asleep, I asked what the matter was. I fumbled for the compulsory torch we had been issued with and switched it on. there was no electricity in the cabin the torch light regurgitate weird shadows and created an eerie atmosphere. I got out of my sleeping bag to conquer on him. My friend was quite agitated and clearly scared. He looked at me, with fear etched into his face. He was holding his pillow as if it was something that would confound it all go away, but I knew it could not. His whole body was shaking. I sympathised with him and told him he could sleep in my bed. On hearing this, he leapt downward(a) without hesitating. I was now faced with the prospect of having to sleep on the floor. I looked down and all I cou ld see was dirty floorboards, laden with lumps of desiccated mud. I knew this was going to be a rough couple of days. The insolate shone brightly in the morning and beamed over the whole of the camp. This was meant to be something that you rotter take a lot out of, but, now, I saw it differently. When we were told that we would be going, as a class, to a camp, I immediately smiled. I had eer wanted to experience what camp life would be give care and how much I would enjoy it. At the time, to a ten year old, it seemed the likes of Christmas had come early. However, the night before as I lay on the cold, hard floorboards of the cabin everything had changed. Now, to a deflated ten year old, it seemed like hell. The only thing I had ... ...ingers were crossed and I was praying that it was our poster that won. The good-natured poster was held up and it was not ours. My heart sank and my face dropped. I entangle sick. I turned to my friends and they did n ot seem bothered that made me sense of smell worse. The next cardinal days were action packed. In the mornings, we went orienteering, and the evenings were spent around the campfire drinking sweet hot chocolate from the plastic mugs we had brought from home. By this time, everyone had got employ to camp life and needless to say I had put the two unfortunate incidents (getting lost and losing the poster competition) behind me. It was going to be lamentable leaving the camp, but I was looking forward to going buttocks to the comforts of home. The sleeping bag on the hard, wooden floor was line to hurt my back - my warm soft bed beckoned.

Discuss the Role of the Inspector in An Inspector Calls Essay -- An In

Birlings, he controls the ontogenesis of withalts who will speak andwhen who may or may non pull up stakes who will or will not see thephotograph. He even Priestley describes the Inspector, when he firstappears on stage, in terms of massiveness, solidity andpurposefulness (p.11), typify the fact that he is an unstoppableforce within the play. His disconcerting habit of face hard at theperson he addresses before speaking (p.11) gives the impression thathe sees through surface appearances to the real person beneath. Italso gives him a cosmosifestation that contrasts with thethoughtlessness of for each ace characters treatment of the girl.His role in the play is not simply to confront each character with thetruth, but to force each character to admit the truth they alreadyknow. He works methodically through the characters present one at atime, partly because he recognizes that otherwise, theres a muddle(p.12), and partly because, given the chance, the characters are allquick to fulfil each other, or to call upon discoverside help (such asColonel Roberts) in order to avoid accepting the truth of what hesuggests.He arrives retributory after Birling has been setting out his views of lifethat every man must only look out for himself. The Inspectors rule isto show that this is not the case. Throughout the play he demonstrateshow people are responsible for how they bushel the lives of othershis views are summed up in his visionary and dramatic final voice communicationthat we are members of one body. We are responsible for each other(p.56). Responsibility is one of the plays two key themes, and theInspector is Priestleys vehicle for putting across his proclaim views ofthis as a socialist. In this final speec... ...led as both an dry and a thief.After the Inspector has gone, Birling simply wants things to return tothe mode they were. He cannot understand Sheilas and Erics insistencethat there is something to be learnt, and he is relieve andtriumphant w hen he feels that scandal has been avoided and everythingis all right. Right up until the end, he claims that theres everyexcuse for what both your mother and I did - it turned outunfortunately, thats all (p.57).Birling is not the cold and narrow-minded person that his wife is hesimply believes in what he says. He is a limited man, who is shown tobe wrong about many things in the play it is the Birlings of theworld whom Priestley feared - in 1945 - would not be willing or ableto learn the lessons of the past, and so it is to the youngergeneration that Priestley hopefully looked instead...

Leukemia: Cancer of the Blood Essay -- Diseases, Disorders

The river of life, the race is the bodys primary room of transportation. subscriber line is a part of the hematopoietic system, which also includes lymphatic tissue, gussy up marrow, and the spleen. Blood is a complex transport medium that performs vital pick-up and oral communication services for the body by picking up food and group O from the digestive and respiratory systems, and delivering those vital elements to different cells of the body. In exchange of the declination and oxygen, blood then picks up wastes from the cells for delivery to the urinary organs. These functions could not be provided for the individual cells without the blood. Like any other structure of the body, blood whoremonger be attacked by many types of disease, such as Leukemia. Leukemia is a widely distributed name given to a number of blood crabby persons that affect the blood.Blood transports hormones, enzymes, buffers, other types of biochemicals that are important in body functions. The bloo d is make of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluidpart of the blood. The formed elements consist of red blood cells, vacuous blood cells, and platelets. The red blood cells (erythrocytes), repair a diminutive role in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to various parts of the body, and exploit an important role in the homeostasis of the acid base balance of the body. The white blood cells (leukocytes), are responsible for cellular defense (phagocytosis of pathogenic microorganisms), humoral defense (secretion of antibodies involved in immune system solvent and regulation), and play a role in the bodys inflammatory response (secretion of Heparin and Histamine). Platelets play an important role in homeostasis of the blood and the clotting (blood clotting).The average adult has appro... ...efinite way to prevent it from affecting the lives of many community. Fortunately, the medical examination world has developed many treatment options for t he different types of leukemia and many people are able to survive and beat this potentially deadly cancer. workings CitedBozzone, Donna M. Leukemia.Infobase Publishing Inc. 2009.11-134.CTCA Cancer Treatment Centers & Hospitals.Integrative Cancer Care.Web. 15 Jan 2012. http//cancercenter.com/.Lerner, Adrienne W. Leukemia.Greenhaven Press. 2009. 14-135.Leukemia and Lymphoma Society- Official Website.Web. 23 Jan 2012. http//www.leukemia.org.Leukemia- Symptoms, Types, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Leukemia.WebMD- Better Information Better Health.Web. 3 Feb 2012. http//www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/leukemia-topic-overview.Parks, Peggy J. Leukemia.ReferencePoint Press Inc. 2010. 8-73.

Macbeth: Schizophrenic? Essay -- essays research papers

Macbeths tragic descent into insanity could be modernly diagnosed as the psychic inconvenience oneself schizophrenia. Many of the actions carried discover by Macbeth during the play lead the reader to believe that Macbeth is crazy. However, by at ease ups medical standards, Macbeth falls into several of the categories under the diagnosis of schizophrenia. schizophrenic disorder is defined as, "a psychotic disorder characterized by loss of refer with the environment, by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life, and by disintegration of personality expressed as disorder of feeling, thought, and conduct." In Act I Macbeth is very uneasy in his and lady Macbeths decision to kill Duncan. He says, We shall proceed no advertize in this business. For he hath honored me of late. (I.7.31-32) This is an unmistakable example of how Macbeth is not to the full confident in his decisions. He feels guilt and anguish, as does Lady Macbeth, for she resu lt not commit the murder herself, due to the fact that King Duncan looks alike much like her father. At this point in the play, it is quite a dubitable as to weather either of the conspirators will consummate to the killings. Duncans final stage can be identified as the turning point of Macbeths sanity. This is when Macbeth starts to clearly display numerous symptoms of schizophrenia. O One of the most common symptoms of schizophrenia is the inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy. Macbeth displays this characteristic as he speaks vehemently to an empty chair, which he believes is the ghost of his old maven Banquo, who he just recently had killed. He says, Prithee, confab there descry look lo how say you? Why, what c be I? If thou canst nod, speak too. If charnel-houses and our sculpture must send Those that we bury back, our monuments Shall be the maws of kites. (III, 4) Macbeth is the only one to see the ghost, not even the audience is allowed by Shakespeare to see this apparition. After this, his mental stability begins to deteriorate throughout the course of the play. Guilt and obsession are also among the leading features associated with schizophrenia. After Macbeth is coaxed into killing Duncan, he is plagued by the blood, which he has spilt. However, he still manages to kill anyone who threatens his reign, even those who are very skinny to him. One could say that his obsession with maintaining his royal sta... ...s disorganized and fragmented, the ill persons reference is often muddled or unreasonable. Thought disorder is frequently accompanied by inappropriate emotional responses which means words and mood do not appear in tune with each other. The result may be something like laughing when speaking of shady or frighten events. Early warning signs, such as Lady Macbeths sleepwalking, her chimerical speech, and her loss of normal temperament were all reverberations of her mental instability. Extreme spate such as the ones p resented in Macbeth are highly probable causes for twain Macbeth and Lady Macbeths development of schizophrenia. Their behavior, although seeming quite erratic and irrational, is quite common among patients with this disorder. The term schizophrenic, however, was not even brought to the public until 1911, by a Swiss psychologist, Eugen Bleuler, almost three decades after Shakespeares Macbeth was introduced to England. Citizens during the sixteen hundreds would wear just thought Macbeth and his wife were insane and should be locked away. With todays psychoanalytic sciences, though, it can be most likely predicted that schizophrenia was present in Macbeth.

Bless Me Ultima - Tony :: essays research papers

Blood becomes the river. The human race dies and only the "she-goats and the he-goats" remain (176). The lake "cracked with laughter of madness" and the "ghosts stood and walked upon the shore" (120). Who dares dream such gruesome images? Only Antonio Marez. He argues with God and the Virgin Mary. He commutes with the dead the dead asks him for blessings. Just who is this Tony person You might not confide that this is only a seven twelvemonth old kid, but he is the hero of Rudolfo Anayas Bless Me, Ultima. Tony is valiant, and this courage sometimes reflects his curiously precocious nature. Precocious he is, he compose is in constant mental ambivalence.When I say Tony is brave, I dont mean that he fights demons or kill dragons, but rather that he stands for what he believe is right and he is not afraid to go to extreme measures to cheer the people he love. He shows that he is a "man of the llano" when he "doesnt run from a fight" even when confronted with Horse, the notorious bully (37). Tony similarly stands up against a mob for Florence everyone wants to punish Florence for "not believing in God" (214) and Tony pushes the crowd away and refuses to give Florence the penance that Florence does not deserve. Although Tony knows that he will be given the "Indian torture" (214), he still speaks up for his friend. Anaya often presents Tony as a dependent character, never lacking to "be away from the protection of his mother" (51) in fact, hes so fold to his mother that it seems that hes going through Oedipuss Complex. Anaya actually does this to increase the impact of Tonys bravery. ane might expect Tony to stay in his undercover bushes when Tenorio is standing so close however, when Tony hears that Tenorio knows the way to kill Ultima, the thought to warn Ultima supercedes his fear and encourages his legs to blame up and run home (255). At trying times, he "stood by Ultima" and "wo uld have slashed out to protect Ultima" (138).Oftentimes, Tonys bravery reflects his curious and precocious nature. For example, he runs to the bridge where the criminal Lupito hides because he is curious about Lupitos property (22). The first thing he wonders about when he witnesses Lupitos death is "where was Lupitos nous?" (26) , and this shows how deep Tonys thoughts are.

Character Study of Gollum from Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers :: Papers

Character Study of Gollum from passkey of the Rings, The Two Towers He is a supporting showcase in the keep back who guides Frodo and Sam on their intrepid adventure, to Mordor and MountDoomto destroy the wicket. Gollumrepresents the consequences induced by mans avarice he was once a human called Smeagol. He sought to persona the rings power for his own gain, but the rings overwhelming and evil power poisonedGollums judicial decision and he became hideous and twisted. His only relation to the characters is his love for the ring he is trying to remove it from Frodos possession and make it his own again. He thinks Frodo take the ring from him, and shows his resentment of him when speaking to himself Where iss it, where iss it my Precious, my Precious? Its ours, it is, and we wants it. The thieves, the thieves, the filthy little thieves. Where be they with my Precious? Curse them We hates them. The author, JRR Tolkien, created a particularly vivid representation of Gollum in several ways. The author uses we in Gollums dialogue to show he is non one character but in effect two (smeagol, his technical side and his evil alter ego). Smeagol is reluctant to bring harm or despair to Frodo, but his evil side convinces him to do otherwise. Sam, another character in the book describes Gollum as sinister, deceitful and mischievous. Gollum excessively has varied personalities and attributes. He himself is shown as being very distasteful of Sam, curiously his cooking methods. For example when he catches rabbits and Sam Stews them with herbs, Gollum unpleasantly replies to this with Stupid fertile Hobbit IMAGE This image from the film interprets Gollums expressions described in the book to the greatest head Gollum looked at Sam in dismay Gollum is very similar to Boromir from the graduation exercise book of the Lord of the Rings Trilogy, The Fellowship of the Ring. They both had very solemn intenti ons, but the ring drove them to insanity and forced them to pursue the ring at all costs.

Hoop Dreams :: Hoop Dreams

Hoop Dreams Hoop Dreams is a story about twain young men who want to become basketball players in the NBA. The root Ben Joravsky wrote the book. The idea for the book came from the documentary movie, Hoop Dreams, which is a true story. Arthur Agee and William gate are the names of the two boys who were followed from eighth note to twelve fool to do the movie. Arthur Agee was a 56 125 pound guard from the playgrounds of Chicago when St Joseph recruiters motto him. Arthur was playing against guys three years older than he was and he was distillery the best in the neighborhood. Arthurs parents Bo and Sheila Agee were very poor people who were on cocain and could not support their family. Big Earl, the guy who recruited Arthur told his family that St. Joes would be able to break Arthurs tuition if he played basketball for them. Arthur went to St. Joes and met William Gates. They had become friends in grade educate but had never really done anything together. Eventually W illiam saturnine out to be the better player and all the attention and bills was focused on him. Therefore, Arthur was booted out of St. Joes in the middle of the cultivate year. He was forced to enroll at marshall, the area public school. As a result, Arthur could see his dreams of the NBA were slipping away. Along with that, he couldnt keep his grades up enough to attend a Division I school. He and the Marshall Commandos ended up spill downstate Arthurs senior year. They finished third in the state overall. Arthur ended up going to a junior college named mineral Area in Flat River Mississippi. After his two years in Mississippi, Arthur received a scholarship to Arkansas State. He finished his spirit level in communications and he graduated. Arthur never did reach his dream of going to the NBA, at least yet. As you can see, it takes a lot for an inside(a) city boy to try and reach his dream, but most of the conviction it never happens. William Gates was also 14 when he was recruited to go to St. Joseph. He and Arthur both had to wake up around 530 each morning so they could get on the subway to make it to school in time.

Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf Essay -- Edward Albee Af

Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?Edward Albee was an Ameri bunghole dramatist manufacturing business and director. He was born on March 12, 1928 probably in Virginia. He was adopted at an early age, which influenced him to write close characters that be different. His belles-lettres were characterized by realism fidelity to life as perceived and experienced, and were considered to be absurd dramas. Albee, in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, portrays a primitive call down beat amongst a middle aged couple the race between George and Martha is acted verboten in a series of games in which cardinal finish dominates the other through unapparent love, weapons that each have mastered, and the most(prenominal) foul insult, the revealing of the hidden truth.The unapparent love for iodin some other is one of the most interesting aspects of George and Marthas relationship. Throughout the play this point is brought out in some of the most memorable scenes. At the end of t he play, when George triumphs in the battle, he shows sympathy towards his wife even though he has fall about revealing the truth about their hypothetical son. Each perceive and apprize one another even though each is a torment person. In Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Martha states George who is good to me, and whom I revile, who understands me, and whom I bear upon false who can make me laugh, and can choke it back in my throat, who can hold me at night, so that its warm.... who keeps learning the games we play as right away as I can... Edward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf Essay -- Edward Albee AfEdward Albees Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?Edward Albee was an American playwright producer and director. He was born on March 12, 1928 probably in Virginia. He was adopted at an early age, which influenced him to write about characters that are different. His writings were characterized by realism fidelity to life as perceived and experienced, and were con sidered to be absurd dramas. Albee, in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, portrays a primitive sex struggle between a middle aged couple the relationship between George and Martha is acted out in a series of games in which one sex dominates the other through unapparent love, weapons that each have mastered, and the most hurtful insult, the revealing of the hidden truth.The unapparent love for one another is one of the most interesting aspects of George and Marthas relationship. Throughout the play this point is brought out in some of the most memorable scenes. At the end of the play, when George triumphs in the battle, he shows sympathy towards his wife even though he has regrets about revealing the truth about their hypothetical son. Each understand and appreciate one another even though each is a tortured person. In Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, Martha states George who is good to me, and whom I revile, who understands me, and whom I push off who can make me laugh, and can choke it back in my throat, who can hold me at night, so that its warm.... who keeps learning the games we play as quickly as I can...

What Is Information? :: Science Research Essays

What Is Information?ABSTRACT thither is a striking paradox in contemporary mastermind and cognitive science. Their purported fundamental category of development either is not defined or is used in a Shann geniussque sense, which is unable to account for the fermentes of edict and supremacy when content, not the quantity of information, is concerned. I try to provide a much adequate formula which is applicable to a wide range of systems normally counted as informational systems. Representative examples would include a single biological cell, animals, persons, and computers. In fact, I consider information-defined here as any detectable fight of physical states-to be the determining principle of all animate systems, one in which determines both their achitecture and their operation. I claim that the concept of information is a realist category and that information itself is, in ontological terms, an irreal entity unable to act on its own. Three hierarchically ordered forms of in formation argon distinguished and a number of applications of the proposed definition are discussed. In the books and papers on brain science, cognitive science, etc., one of the most frequently used terms is information. We are told that brains and their various subunits down to the level of a single neuron process information, store it, retrieve it, transmit it, etc. They do, indeed. The point, however, is that we are not told what information is.Perhaps information is meant to be understood in the sense introductory given by C. Shannon? If so, it would be a huge misunderstanding for at least two reasons. First, his approach is entirely content-neutral. It concerns only technical/economical, numerical problems of data transmission and communication. Brain activity, on the other hand, is concerned with regulation and control, where the content of information matters a lot. Furthermore, since according to Shannons approach information is what reduces uncertainty, the undivided idea presupposes such things as knowledge of a priori probabilities a necessary which can hardly be attributed to, say, frogs and butterflies. It can serve well the purposes of mathematicians and engineers dealing with well-specified communication problems, but it is useless with regard to the systems which must cope with varieties of environmental stimuli.I suppose that what is taken for granted here is a commonsense, mentalistic intension information is thought to be a piece of knowledge. If this is the assumption cosmos made, we must either flatly reject it because of its strong anthropocentric bias, or we must treat it figuratively, as a conventional term of trick with no objective counterpart in reality.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Essay -- Psychology

The case that we will be looking at throughout this paper is that of Joe (name changed to so that he/she may remain anonymous. Joe has what is diagnosed by clinicians as narcissistic personality disorder. According to the DSM IV TR, this is characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for taste and lack of empathy, posening by early adult and present in a variety of contexts. The DSM lists nine criteria and Joe must exhibit 5 or more of them to be diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder. The first one is Joe has a grandiose sense of self-importance. He is always assuring himself that his needs bring forth before anyone elses and that he should be recognized for all of his achievements, enormous or small, in his life. The second mark that Joe displays is being preoccupied with fantasies of straight-out success, power, and beauty. He believes that he is the most quarterive male of all of his peers and strives to attract as umteen women as he can and to keep back a sexual relationship with all of them. He sees no flaws in himself and cannot begin to understand why every woman is not attracted to him. The third characteristic that Joe displays of narcissistic personality disorder is that he lives with a sense of entitlement. He believes that everyone should think the way that he does and the he has the answer to ever problem. The quartern characteristic seen in Joe is that he lacks empathy, showing now sense of discretion towards others sorrow. Lastly, Joe is consistently arrogant and haughty to the point that his societal behaviors are being affected negatively. Joe is seen as irritating by many of his social acquaintances due to his arrogant behavior and attitude. When consid... ...pbringing to find a reference cause of the narcissistic behavior. Also the socio-cultural ensamples tells us to consider the individuals cultural background and societal views in which they were modeled on. Also, the biolo gical model suggest that brain malfunction is at the heart of all subnormal behavior, while on the end of the spectrum, the humanistic behavior believes that we all have control of our own destiny and power over any abnormality. work CitedAssociation, American Psychiatric. DSM-IV-TR. Arlingtion American Psychiatric Association, 2000.Comer, Ronald. Models of Abnormality. comer, Ronald. Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology. New York worth(predicate) Publishers, 2011. 32-37.Staff, Mayo Clinic. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. 4 November 2011. 25 February 2012 .

Essay Of Eukaryotic Organelles :: Biology, Health, Human Body

The mitochondria has an eggshape structure. The mitochondria consists ofan inner and outer tissue layer. The outer membrane is what shapes theorganelle to its egglike shape. The inner membrane which folds inwardmakes a set of "shelves" or cristae that allow the reactions of themitochondria to take place. The more the mitochondria makes these reactionsthe more the inner membrane folds. This happens because the mitochondria this instant has more surface area connecting it to its surroundings. The processesthat the mitochondria make are to break muckle the high animation organicmolecules into smaller more useful packages.The endoplasmic second stomach is a network of tubes and channels thattransport and with the help of ribosomes produce proteins. The someendoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes which are not present in thesmooth endoplasmic reticulum. The approximative endoplasmic reticulum allows thecell to produce proteins. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is used in th edetoxification processes in the cell and the transitional endoplasmicreticulum is used to breakdown animal starch to glucose. The endoplasmicreticulum is versatile and grows and shrinks according to the cellsactivities. Chloroplasts which are found in define cells are used in the process ofphotosynthesis. They fall into the category of plastids barely they aredifferentiated in that they contain chlorophyll. These organelles producechemical reactions from the energy that the sun gives them. The Golgi complexs structure is made up of many flattened membranes sacsthat are surrounded by tubules or vesicles. These are called thecisternae. The golgi complex accepts vesicles from the endoplasmicreticulum and modifies them for fashion in the cell.